Syllabus For Botany - EAMCET

Syllabus For Botany

1. World of Plant Life:

Science of Botany: Its Origin, Some important landmarks in the development of Botany, uses of plants in daily life. Differences between plants and animals.
Diversity in habitats - Mesophytes, Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes, Mangroves
(ii) Diversity in forms - Herbs, Shurbs, Trees, Twiners, Lianes
(iii) Diversity in life span - Ephemerals, Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
(iv) Diversity in nutritional Methods - Parasites, Saprophytes, Symbionts, Autotrophs
Branches of Botany and applied Botany - Phycology, Mycology, Lichenology, Bacteriology, Virology, Microbiology, Bryology, Pteridology, Morphology, Embryology, Palynology, Anatomy, Cytology, Taxonomy, Ecology, Genetics, Paleo-botany, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Pharmacology, Plant breeding, Plant pathology, Biotechnology

2. Institutes & Botanists of India :

Contributions of the following institutes - BSI, NBRI, CIMAP, IARI, ICRISAT, FRI, ICAR.
Contributions of the following botanists - Birbal Sahni, P. Maheswari, M.O.P. Iyengar, M.S. Swaminathan and K.C. Mehta

3. Vegetative Morphology :

Root: Characteristics of roots, types of root system, Regions of root, Modifications of root

Stem: Characteristics and functions of stem, Types of stems, Types of buds, Types of branching, modifications of stem
Leaf: Leaf base, stipules, petioles. (Note: Lamina, Margins, apex, surface, texture OMITTED), Venation, phyllotaxy, types of leaves (simple & compound), leaf modifications

4. Reproductive Morphology:

Inflorescence: Racemose & cymose inflorescences, mixed and special inflorescences, Terminal inflorescence, Axillary inflorescence & intercalary inflorescence, cauliflory

Flower:- Structure of flower, sex distribution, symmetry of flower (based on the arrangement), merosity, structural symmetry, position of gynoecium on the thalamus, types of bracts & bracteoles, various types of thalamus, perianth, aestivation, calyx, corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
Pollination: Types of pollination, contrivances of self and cross pollination, agents of pollination.
Embryology: Structure of anther and ovule, types of ovules, structure and development of Embryo sac, Fertilization and post fertilization changes.
Fruit: Types of fruits - simple, aggregate and multiple, True and false fruits
Dispersal of seeds and fruits: Agents of dispersal

5. Classification of Flowering Plants:

Principles of classification and nomenclature, Bentham & Hookers system of classification

Study of the following families:- Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae

6. Economic Botany:

Botanical name, family, morphology of useful part, varieties, economic importance of the following - Paddy, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Red gram, Bengal gram, Groundnut, Coconut, Cotton, Jute, Mango, Banana, Neem and Amla

7. Cell Biology:

Ultra structure of Eukaryotic cell, differences between plant and animal cells, Chromosomes and Nucleic acids.

8. Cell Division:

Mitosis and meiosis

9. Internal Organisation of Plants:

Tissues: Meristems, Simple, complex and secretory tissues
Tissue systems: Epidermal, Ground and vascular tissue systems.
Root apex and stem apex
Anatomy of dicot and monocot roots
Anatomy of dicot and monocot stems
Anatomy of dicot & monocot leaves
Normal secondary growth in dicot stem

10. Biotechnology:

Scope and applications of biotechnology, aspects of biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Tissue culture and singe cell protein, somatic hybridization
Mushroom cultivation (White button mushrooms)

11. Plant Kingdom:

Broad outlines of the classifications (cryptogams & phanerogams)
Salient features of the major groups - Thallophyta (Algae & Fungi), Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta (Gymnosperms & angiosperms)
Study of the structure and life history of the following forms:- Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Funaria, Pteris, & Cycas

12. Microbiology:

Branches of applied Microbiology and their Importance
Bacteria: Introduction, distribution, habitat, Structure, Nutrition, reproduction and economic importance
Viruses: Introduction, structure of TMV & bacteriophage, Multiplication, transmission, symptoms of viral diseases on plants and their control measures.

13. Plant Pathology :

Introduction, brief historical account of plant pathology, classification of plant diseases, general control measures.
Symptoms, causative organism and control measures of the following diseases -
1. Blast of paddy (Rice)
2. Red rot of sugar cane
3. Grain smut of sorghum
4 . Citrus canker

14. Plants and Environment:

Introduction, scope of ecology, levels of organization, basic concepts of ecology
Plant communities - Hydrophytes, Mesophytes, Xerophytes
Soil - Soil formation, soil profile, components of soil, plant groups in relation to soil characteristics, soil erosion, soil conservation (Note: Vegetation of AP and forests of AP - OMITTED)

15. Crop Improvement :

Introduction, Aims & Objectives of plant breeding, organizations of crop improvement research, methods of plant breeding - Introduction, selection, hybridization, Hybrid vigour, Polyploidy breeding, Mutation breeding

16. Plant Physiology :

. Water relations of plants: Importance of water, availability of water, bulk flow, diffusion, Water potential, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition - Absorption of water by plants - (Active and passive absorption). Ascent of sap - (root pressure theory, cohesion - tension theory) Transpiration - Definition, types of transpiration, Structure of stomata, Mechanism of stomatal opening and closing, factors affecting transpiration, importance of transpiration.
Mineral Nutrition: Introduction, Macro and Microelements, criteria of essentiality, role of NPK in plant nutrition, Absorption of ions, (Active and passive absorption). Carrier theory (cytochrome pump theory, Lecithin carrier theory) Fertilisers - (Inorganic, Organic, Bio-Fertilizers) - Importance of bio fertilizers.
Enzymes: Definition, Historical account, Properties, components of enzyme nomenclature and classification of enzymes. Mode of enzyme action
Photosynthesis: Introduction, historical account, structure of chloroplast, Photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophylls, Carotenoids & Phycobilins), Hills reaction, Emerson enhancement effect, photosystems, Photolysis of water, photophosphorylation, C3 pathway, C4 pathway, CAM pathway, Photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis, Importance of photosynthesis.
Translocation of Organic solutes: Munch’s Hypothesis.
Respiration: Introduction, Types of respiration, differences between aerobic & anaerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System, mechanism of anaerobic respiration, alcoholic fermentation, respiratory quotient (RQ)
Nitrogen Metabolism: Forms of Nitrogen, biological nitrogen fixation, (Symbiotic & non symbiotic) Bio-synthesis of proteins (Transcription and Translation), Genetic code and its properties.
Plant Growth Regulators And Seed Germination: Introduction, Discovery & Physiological effects of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene, Role of hormones in agriculture and horticulture, Photoperiodism, Seed germination - Physiological changes during germination, conditions required for germination, seed vigour, and seed dormancy

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